Tag: Tutorial

Throw exceptions with throw and declare checked exceptions with throws.

Create domain-specific exception classes for clearer error handling.

Use Java Collections for lists, sets, and maps instead of only arrays.

Hide implementation details behind abstract classes and interfaces.

Define incomplete base classes with abstract methods.

Define contracts with interfaces and implement them in classes.

Use static fields/methods for class-level members shared across instances.

Control visibility with public, private, protected, and package-private.

Hide fields and expose controlled getters/setters.

Reuse behavior with extends and an “is-a” relationship.