Category: OOP

Customize object behavior with magic methods like __get, __toString, and __invoke.

Prevent inheritance or overriding with the final keyword.

Model specialization with parent (base) and child (derived) classes.

Call parent constructors and methods with parent::.

Reference the current class with self:: for static members and constants.

Replace a parent method in a child class with a new implementation.

Hide complex details and expose only what callers need to know.

Define partial base classes that cannot be instantiated directly.

Define contracts that classes must fulfill without prescribing implementation.

Reuse methods across classes horizontally with traits.